Madison County, Illinois: Natural Disaster Risk and History
Madison County, Illinois has a Relatively Moderate natural-hazard risk rating in FEMA's National Risk Index (v1.20, December 2025): a score of 93.4 out of 100, higher than about 93% of US counties, with heat waves, tornadoes and hail scoring highest of its 18 hazards and $155 million a year in expected losses.
OpenFEMA lists 14 federal disaster declarations that included Madison County since 1969, not counting 2 for COVID-19; the latest is EM-3577-IL (Severe Storms, Straight-Line Winds, and Tornadoes, declared 13 December 2021). NOAA's Storm Prediction Center recorded 58 tornadoes touching Madison County from 1950 to 2025.
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Population 265,727 Buildings worth $61 billion Area 748 sq mi Risk rank in Illinois 7 of 102 FIPS 17119
All 18 hazards, highest risk first
FEMA National Risk Index| Hazard | Risk rating | Score | Expected loss a year | How often | Events in record |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Heat wave | Relatively High | 98.0 | $17 million | about 15 a year | 153 |
| Tornado | Relatively High | 97.6 | $23 million | about once every 1.5 years | 46 |
| Hail | Relatively High | 97.2 | $4.9 million | about 5 a year | 191 |
| Earthquake | Relatively Moderate | 97.1 | $35 million | about once every 178 years | — |
| Cold wave | Relatively High | 95.8 | $15 million | about 1.8 a year | 34 |
| Lightning | Relatively High | 93.2 | $1.7 million | about 5 a year | 442,915 strikes |
| Inland flooding | Relatively Moderate | 92.3 | $56 million | about 1.4 a year | 39 |
| Winter weather | Relatively High | 90.8 | $480,721 | about 8.9 a year | 169 |
| Landslide | Relatively Low | 85.6 | $36,359 | about once every 1.7 years | — |
| Ice storm | Relatively Moderate | 75.1 | $327,306 | about 1.2 a year | 80 |
| Drought | Relatively Low | 63.2 | $383,291 | about 1.7 a year | 42 |
| Strong wind | Relatively Moderate | 60.8 | $835,909 | about 6.2 a year | 237 |
| Hurricane | Very Low | 32.7 | $19,810 | about once every 79 years | 4 |
| Wildfire | Very Low | 14.8 | $5,590 | rarer than once in 1,000 years | — |
| Avalanche | Not Applicable | — | — | — | — |
| Coastal flooding | Not Applicable | — | — | — | — |
| Tsunami | Not Applicable | — | — | — | — |
| Volcanic activity | Not Applicable | — | — | — | — |
Score: FEMA's percentile among US counties that face the hazard (higher = more risk). Expected loss: FEMA's modelled average yearly loss to buildings, people (as a statistical value) and crops. How often: FEMA's annualised frequency of the hazard in the county; for some hazards it counts event-days, so it is a rough guide, not a forecast. "Not Applicable" means FEMA does not model that hazard here.
Federal disaster declarations 14
Most common: Flood 5, Severe Storm 5, Tornado 2, Severe Ice Storm 1.
| Decade | Declarations | Incident types |
|---|---|---|
| 1960s | 1 | Flood |
| 1970s | 2 | Flood ×2 |
| 1980s | 2 | Severe Storm ×2 |
| 1990s | 3 | Severe Storm ×2, Flood |
| 2000s | 4 | Severe Storm, Severe Ice Storm, Hurricane, Tornado |
| 2010s | 1 | Flood |
| 2020s | 1 | Tornado |
The last 10
Widest declarations that included Madison County
- Hurricane Katrina Evacuation (2005, EM-3230-IL): 102 Illinois counties designated.
- Severe Storms, Tornadoes and Flooding (2002, DR-1416-IL): 68 Illinois counties designated.
- Severe Storms & Flooding (1973, DR-373-IL): 52 Illinois counties designated.
Named storms in its declarations: Hurricane Katrina (2005).
Not counted above: 2 COVID-19 ("Biological") declarations — in 2020 every US county was included. Illinois also had 2 statewide declarations with no county list.
Tornado record since 1950 58
| Tornadoes touching the county | 58 |
|---|---|
| Strongest-rated | (E)F4 ×1 |
| Peak month | April (15) |
| Deadliest | 10 Dec 2021, EF3, 4.2 mi path, 6 killed, 1 injured |
| Longest path | 10 Oct 1959, F2, 48.7 mi path |
| Most recent | 14 Mar 2025, EF1, 6.8 mi path |
| Deaths / injuries on those paths | 9 / 91 |
| Rating | (E)F0 | (E)F1 | (E)F2 | (E)F3 | (E)F4 | (E)F5 | Unrated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count | 22 | 21 | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Decade | 1950s | 1960s | 1970s | 1980s | 1990s | 2000s | 2010s | 2020s |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count | 8 | 6 | 6 | 4 | 7 | 12 | 7 | 8 |
Deaths and injuries are for each tornado's whole path, which can run beyond this county. F-scale ratings before February 2007, Enhanced Fujita (EF) after.
How Madison County compares with its 5 nearest counties
| County | Distance | Overall risk | Score | Top hazard |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Madison County (this page) | — | Relatively Moderate | 93.4 | Heat wave |
| St. Louis City, MO | 37 km | Relatively High | 98.7 | Heat wave |
| St. Clair County | 40 km | Relatively High | 94.9 | Heat wave |
| Bond County | 41 km | Very Low | 36.2 | Earthquake |
| Macoupin County | 48 km | Relatively Low | 79.9 | Earthquake |
| Jersey County | 48 km | Very Low | 18.9 | Landslide |
Nearest by distance between county centres. Every county in Illinois, ranked.
Vulnerability and resilience
| Social vulnerability | Relatively Low 25.9 |
|---|---|
| Community resilience | Very High 86.2 |
| Community risk factor | 0.93 |
| Expected annual loss, all hazards | $155 million |
FEMA scales expected losses up where social vulnerability is high (people who may find it harder to prepare, evacuate or recover) and down where community resilience is high. A factor above 1 raises the risk score. For social vulnerability a high rating is worse; for resilience a high rating is better.
Prepare for Madison County's main hazards
- Right now: National Weather Service alerts for Illinois · all official warnings on Global Incident Tracker.
- Heat wave: Heatstroke warning signs
- Tornado: Is there a tornado warning now?
- Hail: Weather alerts for Illinois
- Your property's flood zone: FEMA Flood Map Service Center ↗ — this page cannot tell you that.
- Official preparedness guidance: Ready.gov ↗ and your county emergency management office.
What this page shows, and what it misses
FEMA's National Risk Index rates a whole county against every other US county; it is a planning-level estimate for nationwide comparison, not a flood-zone map and not a substitute for a local risk assessment or the risk to one home. Declarations are presidential disaster, emergency and fire management declarations that named this county; state declarations and SBA or USDA designations are not included. Tornadoes are counted when the county is one of up to four listed on the track; 670 tornadoes that crossed a state line carry no county list in NOAA's file and are left out.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), National Risk Index Dataset: National Risk Index Counties - v1.20.0 (December 2025). Retrieved from https://services.arcgis.com/XG15cJAlne2vxtgt/ArcGIS/rest/services/National_Risk_Index_Counties/FeatureServer/0/query on November 2, 2026, 1:20 PM EST. This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s National Risk Index dataset API or downloadable datasets but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), OpenFEMA Dataset: Disaster Declarations Summaries - v2, retrieved from https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries on November 2, 2026, 1:21 PM EST. This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
Tornado records: NOAA/NWS Storm Prediction Center, Severe Weather Database, tornadoes 1950–2025 (https://www.spc.noaa.gov/wcm/data/1950-2025_actual_tornadoes.csv, downloaded 2 November 2026). Public domain; not endorsed by NOAA. Compiled by Global Incident Tracker.
Questions about Madison County
What natural disasters is Madison County, Illinois most at risk from?
Madison County, Illinois has a Relatively Moderate natural-hazard risk rating in FEMA's National Risk Index (v1.20, December 2025): a score of 93.4 out of 100, higher than about 93% of US counties, with heat waves, tornadoes and hail scoring highest of its 18 hazards and $155 million a year in expected losses.
How many federal disaster declarations has Madison County had?
OpenFEMA lists 14 federal disaster declarations that included Madison County since 1969, not counting 2 for COVID-19; the latest is EM-3577-IL (Severe Storms, Straight-Line Winds, and Tornadoes, declared 13 December 2021). Another 2 Illinois declarations were made statewide without a county list.
How many tornadoes have hit Madison County?
NOAA's Storm Prediction Center recorded 58 tornadoes touching Madison County from 1950 to 2025. The deadliest: 10 Dec 2021, EF3, 4.2 mi path, 6 killed, 1 injured (deaths and injuries are for the whole path).
Is the National Risk Index a flood zone map?
No. The National Risk Index is a planning-level estimate for a whole county, built for nationwide comparison. It does not tell you the flood zone or the risk of a single property: for that, look up the address on FEMA's Flood Map Service Center (msc.fema.gov) and ask your local floodplain manager.