Columbia County, Wisconsin: Natural Disaster Risk and History
Columbia County, Wisconsin has a Relatively Moderate natural-hazard risk rating in FEMA's National Risk Index (v1.20, December 2025): a score of 81.4 out of 100, higher than about 81% of US counties, with hail, cold waves and heat waves scoring highest of its 18 hazards and $51 million a year in expected losses.
OpenFEMA lists 9 federal disaster declarations that included Columbia County since 1976, not counting 2 for COVID-19; the latest is DR-1768-WI (Severe Storms, Tornadoes, and Flooding, declared 14 June 2008). NOAA's Storm Prediction Center recorded 39 tornadoes touching Columbia County from 1950 to 2025.
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Population 58,373 Buildings worth $18 billion Area 804 sq mi Risk rank in Wisconsin 10 of 72 FIPS 55021
All 18 hazards, highest risk first
FEMA National Risk Index| Hazard | Risk rating | Score | Expected loss a year | How often | Events in record |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hail | Very High | 99.3 | $21 million | about 3.6 a year | 138 |
| Cold wave | Relatively Moderate | 82.8 | $5.0 million | about 6 a year | 113 |
| Heat wave | Relatively Moderate | 80.4 | $1.8 million | about 2.8 a year | 40 |
| Tornado | Relatively Moderate | 75.7 | $3.6 million | about once every 1.7 years | 30 |
| Inland flooding | Relatively Moderate | 75.6 | $19 million | about 2 a year | 55 |
| Landslide | Relatively Low | 72.9 | $8,774 | about once every 6.2 years | — |
| Strong wind | Relatively Moderate | 71.9 | $1.2 million | about 3.8 a year | 146 |
| Winter weather | Relatively Low | 51.7 | $76,976 | about 16 a year | 295 |
| Wildfire | Very Low | 42.3 | $34,045 | rarer than once in 1,000 years | — |
| Drought | Relatively Low | 38.8 | $67,044 | about 2.5 a year | 84 |
| Lightning | Relatively Low | 37.2 | $164,824 | about 36 a year | 129,015 strikes |
| Ice storm | Relatively Low | 35.9 | $49,775 | about once every 2.3 years | 29 |
| Earthquake | Very Low | 28.7 | $74,076 | rarer than once in 1,000 years | — |
| Hurricane | Very Low | 10.6 | $2,378 | about once every 132 years | 0 |
| Avalanche | Not Applicable | — | — | — | — |
| Coastal flooding | Not Applicable | — | — | — | — |
| Tsunami | Not Applicable | — | — | — | — |
| Volcanic activity | Not Applicable | — | — | — | — |
Score: FEMA's percentile among US counties that face the hazard (higher = more risk). Expected loss: FEMA's modelled average yearly loss to buildings, people (as a statistical value) and crops. How often: FEMA's annualised frequency of the hazard in the county; for some hazards it counts event-days, so it is a rough guide, not a forecast. "Not Applicable" means FEMA does not model that hazard here.
Federal disaster declarations 9
Most common: Severe Storm 5, Hurricane 1, Snowstorm 1, Drought 1.
| Decade | Declarations | Incident types |
|---|---|---|
| 1970s | 2 | Drought, Flood |
| 1990s | 1 | Severe Storm |
| 2000s | 6 | Severe Storm ×4, Hurricane, Snowstorm |
The last 9
Widest declarations that included Columbia County
- Hurricane Katrina Evacuation (2005, EM-3249-WI): 72 Wisconsin counties designated.
- Drought (1976, EM-3014-WI): 66 Wisconsin counties designated.
- Severe Storms, Tornadoes & Flooding (1993, DR-994-WI): 47 Wisconsin counties designated.
Named storms in its declarations: Hurricane Katrina (2005).
Not counted above: 2 COVID-19 ("Biological") declarations — in 2020 every US county was included. Wisconsin also had 1 statewide declaration with no county list.
Tornado record since 1950 39
| Tornadoes touching the county | 39 |
|---|---|
| Strongest-rated | (E)F5 ×1 |
| Peak month | June (13) |
| Deadliest | 7 Jun 1984, F5, 36 mi path, 9 killed, 200 injured |
| Longest path | 7 Jun 1984, F5, 36 mi path, 9 killed, 200 injured |
| Most recent | 15 May 2025, unrated, 1.2 mi path |
| Deaths / injuries on those paths | 10 / 256 |
| Rating | (E)F0 | (E)F1 | (E)F2 | (E)F3 | (E)F4 | (E)F5 | Unrated |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count | 9 | 16 | 7 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Decade | 1950s | 1960s | 1970s | 1980s | 1990s | 2000s | 2010s | 2020s |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Count | 3 | 5 | 3 | 10 | 1 | 11 | 3 | 3 |
Deaths and injuries are for each tornado's whole path, which can run beyond this county. F-scale ratings before February 2007, Enhanced Fujita (EF) after.
How Columbia County compares with its 5 nearest counties
| County | Distance | Overall risk | Score | Top hazard |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Columbia County (this page) | — | Relatively Moderate | 81.4 | Hail |
| Marquette County | 40 km | Relatively Low | 47.6 | Hail |
| Green Lake County | 44 km | Relatively Low | 58.0 | Hail |
| Dane County | 45 km | Relatively Moderate | 93.9 | Cold wave |
| Sauk County | 50 km | Relatively Low | 72.1 | Hail |
| Dodge County | 51 km | Relatively Low | 69.9 | Hail |
Nearest by distance between county centres. Every county in Wisconsin, ranked.
Vulnerability and resilience
| Social vulnerability | Relatively Low 24.0 |
|---|---|
| Community resilience | Very High 91.3 |
| Community risk factor | 0.92 |
| Expected annual loss, all hazards | $51 million |
FEMA scales expected losses up where social vulnerability is high (people who may find it harder to prepare, evacuate or recover) and down where community resilience is high. A factor above 1 raises the risk score. For social vulnerability a high rating is worse; for resilience a high rating is better.
Prepare for Columbia County's main hazards
- Right now: National Weather Service alerts for Wisconsin · all official warnings on Global Incident Tracker.
- Hail: Weather alerts for Wisconsin
- Cold wave: Carbon monoxide in winter · Power outages now
- Heat wave: Heatstroke warning signs
- Your property's flood zone: FEMA Flood Map Service Center ↗ — this page cannot tell you that.
- Official preparedness guidance: Ready.gov ↗ and your county emergency management office.
What this page shows, and what it misses
FEMA's National Risk Index rates a whole county against every other US county; it is a planning-level estimate for nationwide comparison, not a flood-zone map and not a substitute for a local risk assessment or the risk to one home. Declarations are presidential disaster, emergency and fire management declarations that named this county; state declarations and SBA or USDA designations are not included. Tornadoes are counted when the county is one of up to four listed on the track; 670 tornadoes that crossed a state line carry no county list in NOAA's file and are left out.
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), National Risk Index Dataset: National Risk Index Counties - v1.20.0 (December 2025). Retrieved from https://services.arcgis.com/XG15cJAlne2vxtgt/ArcGIS/rest/services/National_Risk_Index_Counties/FeatureServer/0/query on November 2, 2026, 1:20 PM EST. This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s National Risk Index dataset API or downloadable datasets but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), OpenFEMA Dataset: Disaster Declarations Summaries - v2, retrieved from https://www.fema.gov/api/open/v2/DisasterDeclarationsSummaries on November 2, 2026, 1:21 PM EST. This product uses the Federal Emergency Management Agency's OpenFEMA API, but is not endorsed by FEMA. The Federal Government or FEMA cannot vouch for the data or analyses derived from these data after the data have been retrieved from the Agency's website(s).
Tornado records: NOAA/NWS Storm Prediction Center, Severe Weather Database, tornadoes 1950–2025 (https://www.spc.noaa.gov/wcm/data/1950-2025_actual_tornadoes.csv, downloaded 2 November 2026). Public domain; not endorsed by NOAA. Compiled by Global Incident Tracker.
Questions about Columbia County
What natural disasters is Columbia County, Wisconsin most at risk from?
Columbia County, Wisconsin has a Relatively Moderate natural-hazard risk rating in FEMA's National Risk Index (v1.20, December 2025): a score of 81.4 out of 100, higher than about 81% of US counties, with hail, cold waves and heat waves scoring highest of its 18 hazards and $51 million a year in expected losses.
How many federal disaster declarations has Columbia County had?
OpenFEMA lists 9 federal disaster declarations that included Columbia County since 1976, not counting 2 for COVID-19; the latest is DR-1768-WI (Severe Storms, Tornadoes, and Flooding, declared 14 June 2008). Another 1 Wisconsin declarations were made statewide without a county list.
How many tornadoes have hit Columbia County?
NOAA's Storm Prediction Center recorded 39 tornadoes touching Columbia County from 1950 to 2025. The deadliest: 7 Jun 1984, F5, 36 mi path, 9 killed, 200 injured (deaths and injuries are for the whole path).
Is the National Risk Index a flood zone map?
No. The National Risk Index is a planning-level estimate for a whole county, built for nationwide comparison. It does not tell you the flood zone or the risk of a single property: for that, look up the address on FEMA's Flood Map Service Center (msc.fema.gov) and ask your local floodplain manager.